Computer Fundamental

COMPUTER

Discovered by:-Charles Babbage of Germany in 1863

Course name:-D.C.A (Diploma in computer application)

Course duration:-six months (6 month)

Syllabus:- 1. Fundamental

                2. DOS

                3. Windows-   (a) Desktop

                                       (b) Notepad

                                       (c) Paint

                                        (d) WordPad

                                        (e) Explorer

                                          (f)Media player

                     4. Ms.Office—(a)Ms. Word

                                              (b)Ms.Excel

                                 ©Ms. PowerPoint

                         5.Concept of Networking

6.Full knowledge of Internet operating

 

 

Full form of “Computer” word

C—commonly

O---operating

M—machine

P---particular

U—user

T—trade

E—education

R—research

Requirments of computer

1.           AC-220v

2.           UPS

3.           CPU

4.           MONITOR

5.           KEYBOARD

6.           MOUSE

7.           SPEAKER

8.           PRINTER

………………………………………..…

 

 

 

 

Parts of CPU

1.           Cabinet

2.           SMPS

3.           Motherboard

4.           Processor(CPU)

5.           RAM

6.           Hard disk

7.           CD/DVD ROM

8.           Floppy drive

9.           CPU Fan

10.  CMOS Battery

Block diagram of computer connection

 

 

 

 

 

Full form of some important words

1. AC—Alternative current

2. DC—Direct current

3.UPS—Uninterruptible powers supply.

4. CRT—Cathode ray tube

5. VDU—Visual display unit

6. CPU—Central processing unit

7. CD—compact disk

8. DVD—Digital versatile disk.

9. LED—light emitting diode.

10. RAM—Random access memory

11. ROM—Read only memory

12. SMPS—switching mode power supply.

What is computer?

      Computer is a high speed electronic data processing device which can perform any type of operation very fastly and easily such as printing, designing, composing, accounting, networking etc. A computer can perform both logical and arithmetical operations. Computer is used in all over the world in houses, business, schools, colleges, government departments, banks, post offices etc. computer has divided into three classes:-

1.            Hardware

2.            Software

3.            User

1. Hardware:- All the devices of computer are called ‘Hardware’. We can see the hardware and can also touch it.

Ex. - Keyboard, Mouse, CPU, Hard disk, Monitor, Printer etc.

2. Software

All the programs of computer are called ‘Software’. We can see the software on the screen of monitor, but can’t touch it. The computer can not be started without Software.

A computer is completely dead without any software. So, Software is also called the “SOUL” Of computer.

Ex-DOS, Windows, MS-Word, MS-Excel, Tally, Photoshop etc.

3. User

A person who can use and operate the computer correctly and have a Govt. Regd. computer certificates are called user. Ex- All the computer operator.

 

Uses of computer

Computer is used in all over the world in all departments. Some of these are followings:-

1. Home                        2. Offices

3. Business                    4.Schools

5. Colleges                    6. Hospitals

7. Sports                       8. Movies

9. Media                        10. Railway

11. Post-offices             12. Banks

13. Exchange                    14. Printing Press

15. Radio centre            16.T.V. centre

17. Agriculture             18. Drug and chemicals

19. Internet and networking20. Scientific research

Advantages of Computer:-

 

(i)                    Accuracy:-  The computer gives 100% accurate result of any problem. It never makes mistakes till the user doesn’t input wrong data into the Computer.

(ii)               Speed:-  The computer performs any type of operation very fastly beyond our thinking. The speed of computer is measured in ‘Bips (Billion Instructions per Second)’.

(iii) Storage Capacity:-  The Computer can store a large amount of data in its memory. The whole library can be stored in the memory of computer. The storage capacity of computer is measured in GB (Giga Byte).

(iv) Time & Money Saving;- The Computer also saves our money & time. We can take admissions in any university, college through computer on internet. We can also view results of all types of academic & competitive examinations can reserve railway tickets, send messages very quickly.

 

The computer never gets bored while performing one operation for a long time. It performs any operation for a long time at same speed.

             Dis advantages of computer

Self thinking power of computer is zero (null).

Difference between Calculator and Computer

 

Calculator	Computer
1. Calculator can perform only simple arithmetical operations. 2. Calculator has a temporary memory, i.e., calculator stores data till it is on. 3. Calculator has a very little memory.	1. Computer can perform both logical & arithmetical operations. 2. Computer has both permanent and temporary memory. 3. Computer has very large memory.

Organization of Computer Or Hardware of Computer

The computer is organized of three parts :-

1.            Input Device

2.           CPU or Processor

3.           Output  Device

 

1.                       Input Device :-

Input device is a part of computer. By the help of input device, we can input data, instructions, photographs, sounds etc. in the computer.

There are following Input devices in Computer:-

(i)        Keyboard

(ii)   Mouse

(iii)                 Scanner

(iv)                  Graphics Tablet

(v)    Microphone

 

 

Keyboard

Keyboard is a standard input device. It is used to input all the data or information into the computer. It is just like a type-writer machine but there are some difference between keyboard and type-writer. Keyboard’s keys are very delicate (soft). All the data or information is entered by pressing its keys. There are following keys in a keyboard:-

1.           Character Keys( A to Z, 0 to 9 and other symbol)

2.           Numeric keys (0 to 9, + - * / etc.)

3.           Arrow keys(UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT)

4.           Function keys(F₁ to F₁₂)

5.           Text editing keys (Delete, Space, Back-space, Enter, Shift, Caps-lock, Tab etc.)

6.           Other special keys (Esc, Prt-scrn etc.)

 

 Mouse

Mouse is an input device also. It is used to input any data and information into the computer. It is generally used for internet operating and drawing. Mouse is also called hand held pointing device. An arrow moves on the screen by dragging the mouse on mouse pad and performs the operation by clicking its button at specific location. Mouse has three types:-

1. Normal mouse

2. Scroll or wheel mouse

3. Standard or optical mouse.

Each mouse has three buttons (left, right and middle) but only normal mouse has two buttons (left and right)

 Scanner

Scanner is an input device too. It is used to scan any documents and graph as same design and color. It is also used to make duplicate certificate and railway pass or driving license. It is also used to load any charts and images into the computer. Graphics Tablet

Graphics tablet is an input device also. It is used to sketch or for signature into the computer. It is also used for graphical works in offices.

Microphone

Microphone is an input device also. It is used to input sound signal into the computer. It is also used for voice chatting on internet to others. It is also called MIC.

CPU

CPU stands for central processing unit. It processes all the function of computer. It controls and checks all the parts and their works. It stores all the data of computer. It stores data temporarily and permanently both. So, CPU is also called the brain of computer. CPU has three parts:-

1.           ALU

2.           CU

3.           MEMORY

1.           ALU:-It stands for arithmetic and logic unit. It solves all the logical and arithmetical problems.

2.           CU:-It stands for control unit. It controls and checks all the function of computer and their parts.

3.           MEMORY:-It is the most important part of CPU. It stores any data before their processing. It stores all the data temporarily

MEMORY has two types

1.           Internal memory

2.           External memory

1.           Internal memory:-It is the main parts of memory. It is also called primary memory or main memory. It stores data permanently. The data stored in primary memory can’t be deleted or modified. It is own memory of computer. Internal memory has two types :-

1.           ROM

2.           RAM

1. ROM:- ROM stands for “read only memory”. We can read any data in ROM but can’t remove or change. The data stored in ROM during the manufacturing of CHIP. So, ROM is also called non-volatile memory.

2.  RAM:-RAM stands for “random access memory”. We can read and change or delete any data from RAM. It stores data temporarily. It stores data till the computer is on and when the computer is off, all the data are lost. So, RAM is also called volatile memory.

EXTERNAL MEMORY

External memory is the most important part of memory. It stores data externally. It stores very large amount of data. We can read and change the data in external memory easily. It does not store any data permanently. It is also called mass or secondary memory of computer. It is also called external storage device. External memory has following types:-

1.           FLOPPY DISK

2.           C.D/DVD

3.           HARD DISK

4.           MAGNETIC TAPE

5.           PEN DRIVE

Floppy:-Floppy disk is an external storage device. It is very easy to store data and transfer to it any other places. There are two types of floppies:-

1.           Mini floppy:-Its size is 5.25”(inch) and its storage capacity is maximum 2.88 MB(megabyte)

2.           Micro floppy:-Its size is 3.5”
(inch) and its storage capacity is maximum 1.44 MB.

CD

CD stands for compact disk. It is an external or optical storage device. A CD-writer is used to store data into a CD. It stores very large amount of data. It stores data temporarily and permanently both. A CD can store data equivalent of 500 floppies. The storage capacity of a CD is maximum 700MB (megabyte).

There are two types of a CD:-

1.           Recordable CD

2.           Re-writable CD

Note:-DVD (digital versatile disk) is the advance form of a CD. It has very high capacity. Its storage capacity is maximum 4.7GB

 

 

Hard disk

Hard disk is an external storage device also. It is also called fix disk. All the important software is installed into hard disk. It stores very large amount of data. It is an external but used in internal. The data stored into hard disk can be deleted easily. There are many types of hard disks are available in the market now a days according to its capacity. Such as:-10GB, 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 120GB, 160GB, 200GB, 240GB etc.

Magnetic tape

It is an external storage device also. It is just like an audio cassette. It is generally used to store current data in banks, post-offices, telephone exchange and other offices.`

Pen drive

Pen drive is very small external storage device but it has a large storage capacity. It is very famous storage device now a day. It is very easy to store data and transfer to it any other places. So it is also called data-traveler. It is available in the market according to different capacity. Such as:-128MB, 256MB, 512MB,1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16 GB etc.

VDU

VDU stands for visual display unit. It is also called monitor or CRT (cathode ray tube). It is just like a T.V but can’t work as T.V. It displays all the information or video on the screen. VDU has following types:-

1.           M.G.A (monochrome graphics adapter).

It has only two colors –B/W

2.           C.G.A ( color graphics adapter )

It has only three colors (R, G, and B)

3.           E.G.A ( Enhanced graphics adapter)

It has 16 colors.

4.           V.G.A ( visual graphics adapter)

It has 256 colors.

Note:- T.F.T( thin film transistor & L.C.D(Liquid crystal display) is the latest model of monitor which is very thin, light but dear.

6.           Printer

Printer is an output device also. It is used to print any documents and image on paper in different color and design. It is generally used in schools, colleges, boards, universities, railways, banks, post offices, telephone exchanges for printing progress report, notice, results, ticket, receipts, bill etc. printer has following types:-

1.           Impact printer

(a)     Daisy wheel

(b)    Dot matrix

(c)      Line printer

2.           Non- impact printer

(a). Inkjet printer

(b). Laser printer

3. Speaker

Speaker is an output device also. It is used to output sound signal from computer. It is also used to voice chatting on internet to others.

Unit of memory

 Byte is the unit of memory and Bit is the unit of memory also but Bit is smaller than Byte.  

1 character=1 byte=8 bit

1024 character=1024 byte=1kilobyte (KB).

1024 KB=1 megabyte (MB).

1024 MB=1 gigabyte (GB).

1024 GB=1 terabyte (TB)

Example:-

Ranjan Computer Classes

6+8+7+1+1=23 byte X 8=184 bit

What is DOT & PIXEL?

All the text and images are made from dots. Some dots are horizontal and some are vertical. The lines of horizontal dots are called “DOT” and the lines of vertical dots are called “PIXEL”. The combination of DOT and PIXEL is called resolution.

1 resolution=1024DOT*768PIXEL

Note:-The quality of a picture or text does depend on resolution.

Classification of computer

Computer is classified into three classes according to its working process:-

1. Digital computer

2. Analog computer

3. Hybrid computer

1. Digital computer:-Digital computer is the main parts of computer. It works digitally means it stores any data as digit. It is most using computer in all over the world. All the offices use digital computer to perform their daily routine. It is also used to printing the documents on paper. Ex- Desktop and laptop is the digital computer.

2. Analog computer

It is the part of computer also. It works graphically means it does not store any data in digit. It displays the current data on current scale. It is very cheap computer for people. It is generally used in medical and scientific field. Ex-Thermometer, lactometer, barometer, seismograph, sphygmo- manometer etc.

 

 

3. Hybrid computer

It is the part of computer also. It is the combination of digital and analog computer. It works digitally as well as graphically. It is very costly computer for general people. It is generally used in medical field. Ex-E.C.G, CT-SCAN, ULTRASONOGRAPHY etc.

Types of digital computer

1. Micro Computer

 It is the part of Digital computer. It is used in all the offices for perform any work. It is called micro computer because it is the first computer in which used Micro Processor. Desktop and Laptop is the types of Micro computer. 

2.Mini computer

It is the part of digital computer also. It is used in small offices for data transfer. Maximum 50 users can work on mini computer at a time and performs different types of work. It is generally used in colleges, universities, hospitals etc.

 

 

3. Super mini computer

It is the part of digital computer too. It is used in big offices for data entry and networking. Maximum 200 users can work on super mini computer at a time. It is more advanced computer than mini computer

4. Main frame computer

It is the parts of digital computer also. It is used only in networking field. Such as:-LAN (local area networking), MAN (metropolitan area networking), WAN (wide area networking)

5. Super computer

It is the fastest computer ever. There are many types of super computers have been developed now a days but 1^st super computer was developed in 1980 in Pune (INDIA), which name was PARAM -10000. Super computer is used in scientific field for research.

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NUMBER SYSTEM

There are two types of number system:-

1. Decimal number system

2. Binary number system

1. Decimal no. sys:-it is the combination of numbers between 0 and 9.ex-100, 45, 67, 123, 14, etc. The computer does not understand it directly.

 

2. Binary no. sys:-it is the combination of binary digits 0 and 1. Its base is two (2). Ex-(10)₂,  (101)₂  etc. _{The computer understands it very easily.}

_{Generation of computer}

 

Generation	Period	Base	Example
1st	1942-55	vacuum tubes	Univac/ ENIAC
2nd	1956-64	transistors	VLSI
3rd	1965-75	IC/CHIPS	IBM-370
4th	1976-89	processor	Desktop
5th	1990 to till now	Micro processor	super computer and laptop

_{Kinds of software}

 

 

_{What is operating system?}

_{Operating system is the collection of master programs which is used to operate the computer correctly. Operating system is also used to control and check all the function of computer. There are three types of operating system:-}

_{1.           DOS(single user single tasking operating system)}

_{2.           WINDOWS( single user multi tasking operating system}

_{3.           LINUX(multi user multi tasking operating system)}

_{Q. What is Virus and Antivirus?}

A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the owner. The term "virus" is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive.

There are following types of viruses:

Boot viruses:.
Examples: Form, Disk Killer, Michelangelo, and Stone virus

Program viruses:.
Examples: Sunday, Cascade

Multipartite viruses:

Examples: Invader, Flip, and Tequila

Stealth viruses:

Examples: Frodo, Joshi, Whale

Polymorphic viruses:

Examples: Involuntary, Stimulate, Cascade, Phoenix, Evil, Proud, Virus 101

Macro Viruses:

Examples: DMV, Nuclear, Word Concept.

Active X:  

What is anti-virus?

Ans:- Anti-virus is the name given to software that detects and (where possible) removes viruses from messages. By removing viruses at the email server, all internal mail clients are protected AND all customers are protected from receiving viruses too.

There are following types of anti virus:-

1.         Quick-heal

2.         Avast

3.         AVG

4.         Kasperkey

5.         Doctor spyware

6.         Norton

7.         BitDefender

THE END OF FUNDAMENTAL

BY RANJAN SIR.

8084293199.